Captação de recursos para pesquisas e o terceiro setor: o que os docentes sabem? / Research fundraising and third sector organizations: what do the professors know?

Resumo: Introdução: O crescimento socioeconômico de um país acontece por meio do desenvolvimento de ciência e tecnologia, e, por isso, a parceria com o terceiro setor é positiva ao auxiliar o financiamento de projetos científicos. Objetivos: Assim, o presente estudo objetiva avaliar as formas de captação de recursos mais utilizadas pelos docentes de Medicina para a execução de seus estudos científicos e verificar se há o reconhecimento do terceiro setor como opção para tal obtenção. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico com abordagem quali-quantitativa, construído por meio do uso de um formulário individual aplicado aos docentes do curso médico de cinco instituições do ensino superior do Norte/Nordeste do Brasil. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por estatísticas descritiva e analítica. Resultados: Participaram 138 professores, de ambos os sexos, com idade média ± 43,2 anos. A pesquisa mais comumente desenvolvida pelos docentes foi a básica (56,1%); 68,8% utilizaram recursos próprios para o desenvolvimento de seus estudos; 18,8% obtiveram recursos de entidades de apoio à pesquisa; 75,4% conheciam alguma fundação de amparo à pesquisa, e as mais citadas foram a Fapespa (26,9%) e o CNPq (26,9%); 13,8% relataram conhecer sites e empresas multinacionais que fomentam projetos de pesquisas, mas somente 2,2% submeteram sua iniciativa às chamadas públicas em instituições internacionais para captação; quando perguntados sobre o terceiro setor, seus fundamentos e atores definidos pela legislação, o estudo apontou uma falta de conhecimento, com 100% de inadequação nas respostas sobre tais entidades; quanto à parceria entre o terceiro setor e o Estado, 83,3% sinalizaram desconhecimento;100% dos entrevistados desconhecem os critérios para uma entidade integrar tal setor, ao mesmo tempo que 76,8% afirmaram que a falta de orientação dos conceitos do ramo não é entrave para a captação de recursos às pesquisas. Conclusão: A maioria dos docentes utilizava recursos próprios para a realização de seus projetos, seguidos pelo uso de recursos públicos. Ademais, grande parte dos profissionais não reconheceu o terceiro setor como fonte patrocinadora, carecendo de informações que lhes possibilitassem desenvolver atividades de forma ampla e com as diversas oportunidades existentes, oferecidas por entidades desse setor.

Abstract: Introduction: The socio-economic growth of a country is reflected by the development of science and technology. Partnership with the third sector is therefore positive in terms of financial support for scientific projects. Objective: Accordingly, the present study aims to evaluate the most commonly used methods of fundraising by medical professors to conduct their scientific studies and whether there is recognition of the third sector as an option for such fundraising. Method: A cross-sectional analytical study with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The data were collected using an individual form, applied to medical course professors from five different universities in the north of Brazil, and analyzed using descriptive-analytical statistics. Results: The study included 138 professors, of both sexes, with an average age of ± 43.2 years. The type of research most commonly performed by professors was basic (56.1%); 68.8% used their own resources to develop their studies; 18.8% obtained funds from research support entities; 75.4% knew of a research support foundation, primarily FAPESPA (26.9%) and CNPQ (26.9%); 13.8% reported knowledge of websites and multinational companies that promote research projects, but only 2.2% submitted their initiative to public calls for funding from international institutions; when asked about the third sector, its fundamentals and actors defined by legislation, the study indicated a lack of knowledge, with 100% of inadequate answers about such entities; regarding partnership between the third sector and the State, 83.3% signaled ignorance; 100% of the interviewees were unaware of the criteria for an entity to be part of the sector, while 76.8% stated that lack of orientation about the concepts of the area is not an obstacle to raising funds for research. Conclusion: Most professors use their own funds to carry out their projects, followed by the use of public funds. Furthermore, most professionals did not recognize the third sector as a source of sponsorship, lacking information that would allow them to develop broad activities and enjoy the various opportunities offered by entities in this sector.

Remote ischemic conditioning protects against testicular ischemia∕reperfusion injury in rats.

Purpose To evaluate the effect of remote ischemic conditioning associated to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on testicular ischemia∕reperfusion (I∕R) injury in rats. Methods Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into five experimental groups (n=5), as follows: Sham, I∕R, Perconditioning (PER), NAC and PER+NAC. Two-hour ischemia was induced by rotating the left testis 720° to clockwise direction, followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. Perconditioning was performed by three I/R cycles of 10 min each on the left limb, 30 min before reperfusion. N-acetylcysteine (150 mg∕kg) was administered 30 min before reperfusion. Results Statistical differences were observed in MDA levels between I/R group with all groups (p<0.01), in addition there was statistical difference between PER and Sham, and PER+ NAC groups (p<0.05) in plasma. Conclusions The protective effect of perconditioning isolated in the reduction of lipid peroxidation related to oxidative stress was demonstrated. However, when Perconditioning was associated with NAC, there was no protective effect against testicular injury of ischemia and reperfusion.

Remote ischemic conditioning protects against testicular ischemia∕reperfusion injury in rats

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effect of remote ischemic conditioning associated to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on testicular ischemia∕reperfusion (I∕R) injury in rats. Methods Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into five experimental groups (n=5), as follows: Sham, I∕R, Perconditioning (PER), NAC and PER+NAC. Two-hour ischemia was induced by rotating the left testis 720° to clockwise direction, followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. Perconditioning was performed by three I/R cycles of 10 min each on the left limb, 30 min before reperfusion. N-acetylcysteine (150 mg∕kg) was administered 30 min before reperfusion. Results Statistical differences were observed in MDA levels between I/R group with all groups (p<0.01), in addition there was statistical difference between PER and Sham, and PER+ NAC groups (p<0.05) in plasma. Conclusions The protective effect of perconditioning isolated in the reduction of lipid peroxidation related to oxidative stress was demonstrated. However, when Perconditioning was associated with NAC, there was no protective effect against testicular injury of ischemia and reperfusion.

Nutritional Education: a Gap in Medical Training / Educação Nutricional: uma Lacuna na Formação Médica

Abstract: Introduction: The role of nutrition in medicine has changed from a passive function, from an adjuvant therapy, to a proactive and sophisticated therapy that prevents various health problems and changes the natural history of the disease. Recent studies show up that medical education does not sufficiently and efficiently address the patient's nutritional aspects, thus training physicians who are not confident in providing nutritional care to their patients. This study aimed to analyze and describe scientific studies that have evaluated nutrition education in medical schools, seeking within this context to find nutrition topics important for undergraduate medical education. Methods: This research was conducted through a cross-sectional, descriptive, scoping review after searching for synonyms using MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) and DeCS (Health Sciences Descriptors) tools. Results: We initially found 1.057 publications that underwent sequential screening until reaching a total of 16 articles, which achieved the scope of this research. Most articles are from the United States of America (50%), assessed a total of 860 medical students and 243 medical schools using different approaches regarding the teaching of nutrition. Final considerations: In this review, we have shown that despite several studies ratifying the well-established association between nutrition and prevention/treatment of diseases that require outpatient care, or at the hospital level, nutrition education in undergraduate medical school has not accompanied this evidence and, for many years, the subject has been underestimated. In Brazil, no studies were found on this topic with the used descriptors.

Resumo: Introdução: O papel da nutrição na medicina tem sido modificado de uma função passiva, de uma terapia adjuvante, para uma terapia proativa e sofisticada, que previne diversos agravos à saúde e modifica a história natural da doença. Estudos recentes observam que a educação médica não contempla, de maneira suficiente e eficiente, os aspectos nutricionais do cuidado destinado ao paciente, formando médicos pouco confiantes em promover cuidados nutricionais a seus pacientes. Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar e descrever estudos científicos que tenham avaliado a educação nutricional nas escolas médicas, buscando, neste contexto, encontrar temas em nutrição importantes para a graduação em Medicina. Método: Esta pesquisa foi realizada por meio de uma scoping review (revisão de escopo), do tipo transversal, descritiva, após pesquisa de sinônimos utilizando as ferramentas Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS). Resultados: Encontraram-se inicialmente 1.057 publicações que passaram por triagens sequenciais até chegarmos a um total de 16 artigos que alcançavam o escopo desta pesquisa. A maioria dos artigos é dos Estados Unidos (50%) e avaliou de maneiras diferentes um total de 860 alunos de Medicina e 243 escolas médicas em relação ao ensino da nutrição. Conclusões: Nesta revisão, evidenciamos que, a despeito dos vários estudos que ratificam a relação bem estabelecida da nutrição na prevenção e no tratamento de doenças em nível ambulatorial ou hospitalar, a educação nutricional na formação médica não acompanhou essas evidências, e, por muitos anos, o assunto foi subestimado. No Brasil não foram encontrados estudos sobre esse tema com os descritores utilizados.

Portable model for vasectomy reversal training

ABSTRACT Objectives To validate an experimental non-animal model for training of vasectomy reversal. Materials and Methods The model consisted of two artificial vas deferens, made with silicon tubes, covered by a white resin, measuring 10 cm (length) and internal and external diameters of 0.5 and 1.5 mm, respectively. The holder of the ducts is made by a small box developed with polylactic acid, using a 3D print. The objective of the invention is to simulate the surgical field of vasovasostomy, when the vas deferens are isolated from other cord structures. For validation, it was verified the acquisition of microsurgical skills during its use, in a capacitation course with 5 urology residents from a Hospital of the region. Along the training sessions, it was analyzed the time (speed) of microsurgical sutures, and quantification of the performance using a checklist. Collected data were analyzed using de BioEstat®5.4 software. Results Medium time for the completion of microsurgical sutures improved considerably during the course, and reached a plateau after the third day of training (p=0.0365). In relation to the checklist, it was verified that during capacitation, there was significant improvement of the scores of each participant, that reached a plateau after the fourth day of training with the model (p=0.0035). Conclusion The developed model was able to allow the students that attended the course to gain skills in microsurgery, being considered appropriate for training vasectomy reversal.

Effects of Copaiba oil in the healing process of urinary bladder in rats

ABSTRACT Introduction The appropriate closure of the urinary bladder is important to many urologic procedures to avoid the formation of fistulas and strictures by excessive fibrosis. This paper presents the alterations in the bladder healing process of rats after the topical use of Copaiba oil (Copaifera reticulata). Material and Methods Ten male Wistar rats were used and randomly divided into two groups: Control group (CG): injected 1ml/kg of saline solution on the suture line; and Copaiba group (CpG): 0.63ml/kg of copaiba oil applied to the suture line. Euthanasia was performed on the seventh day after surgery. The criteria observed were adherences formation, histopathological modifications and stereology for collagen. Results Both groups showed adhesions to the bladder, with no statistically significant difference (p=0.1481). The microscopic evaluation revealed a trend to more severe acute inflammation process on the CpG, but there was statistical difference only in the giant cells reaction (p=0.0472) and vascular proliferation (p=0.0472). The stereology showed no difference. Conclusion The copaiba oil modified the healing process, improving the quantity of giant cells and vascular proliferation, but not interfered in the collagen physiology.

Copaiba oil effect on induced fecal peritonitis in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic substance on survival of rats subjected to cecal ligation and puncture, describing histopathological and oxidative stress findings. METHODS: Forty rats (Ratus norvegicus) were distributed into five study groups (N=8): Sham group (ShG): normal standard animals; Sepse group (SepG): submitted a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); Pre group (PreG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection for five days before carrying out CLP; Post CLP group (PostG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection from the first day of CLP until death by sepsis; and Pre/Post group (Pre/PostG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection for five days before carrying out CLP and from the first day of CLP until de death by sepsis. After the death of the animals, blood was collected for assessment of oxidative stress and histological analysis were performed. The Kaplan-Meier curves of surviving time were realized. RESULTS: Survival analysis demonstrated that animals treated with copaiba oil prior to the execution of the CLP (PreG and Pre/Post groups) had longer survival compared to the sepsis group (p<0.0001) whereas animals receiving copaiba only after the completion of CLP (PostG) showed no statistically significant difference compared to the sepsis group. However, when comparing the two groups in which was administered copaiba previously (PreG and Pre/PostG groups), there was no statistical significance between the groups (p=0.4672). There was no statistical difference between histopathological findings or the levels of oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic subcutaneous administration of copaiba increases survival of rats subjected to severe sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture.

Copaiba oil effect on induced fecal peritonitis in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic substance on survival of rats subjected to cecal ligation and puncture, describing histopathological and oxidative stress findings.METHODS:Forty rats (Ratus norvegicus) were distributed into five study groups (N=8): Sham group (ShG): normal standard animals; Sepse group (SepG): submitted a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); Pre group (PreG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection for five days before carrying out CLP; Post CLP group (PostG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection from the first day of CLP until death by sepsis; and Pre/Post group (Pre/PostG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection for five days before carrying out CLP and from the first day of CLP until de death by sepsis. After the death of the animals, blood was collected for assessment of oxidative stress and histological analysis were performed. The Kaplan-Meier curves of surviving time were realized.RESULTS: Survival analysis demonstrated that animals treated with copaiba oil prior to the execution of the CLP (PreG and Pre/Post groups) had longer survival compared to the sepsis group (p<0.0001) whereas animals receiving copaiba only after the completion of CLP (PostG) showed no statistically significant difference compared to the sepsis group. However, when comparing the two groups in which was administered copaiba previously (PreG and Pre/PostG groups), there was no statistical significance between the groups (p=0.4672). There was no statistical difference between histopathological findings or the levels of oxidative stress.CONCLUSION: Prophylactic subcutaneous administration of copaiba increases survival of rats subjected to severe sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture.

Uso de sildenafil para pacientes com prótese peniana in situ: estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado / Use of sildenafil for patients with penile prosthesis in situ: a randomized, double-blind, controlled

Apesar dos altos índices de satisfação alcançados pelo implante de prótese peniana, observamos como queixa freqüente a diminuição da sensiblidade peniana. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto do uso de sildenafil em pacientes com prótese peniana in situ. Foi realizado estudo prospectivo, randomizado, duplo cego, placebo controlado em 23 pacientes portadores de prótese peniana tratados com sildenafil ou placebo. O estudo desenvolveu-se em duas etapas: inicialmente cada paciente recebeu 5 comprimidos de 50 mg de citrato de sildenafil ou placebo para serem utilizados um comprimido a cada intercurso sexual, num intervalo de 30 dias, sendo a seguir aplicado o questionário EDITS. A seguir, os pacientes cruzavam de grupo, ou seja, aqueles que tomaram sildenafil no primeiro mês, agora tomavam placebo, sendo submetidos ao mesmo procedimento. A média de idade dos pacientes estudados foi de 60 anos, onde 73% eram hipertensos e 65% diabéticos. Foi observada satisfação sexual com a prótese peniana em 86,9% dos pacientes, entretanto apenas 21,7% não apresentavam nenhuma queixa relativa ao implante. Apesar da pontuação do EDITS no grupo usando sildenafil se elevar em 34%, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o grupo tratado e o placebo (AU)

Uso de sildenafil para pacientes com prótese peniana in situ: estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado

Apesar dos altos índices de satisfação alcançados pelo implante de prótese peniana, observamos como queixa freqüente a diminuição da sensiblidade peniana. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto do uso de sildenafil em pacientes com prótese peniana in situ. Foi realizado estudo prospectivo, randomizado, duplo cego, placebo controlado em 23 pacientes portadores de prótese peniana tratados com sildenafil ou placebo. O estudo desenvolveu-se em duas etapas: inicialmente cada paciente recebeu 5 comprimidos de 50 mg de citrato de sildenafil ou placebo para serem utilizados um comprimido a cada intercurso sexual, num intervalo de 30 dias, sendo a seguir aplicado o questionário EDITS. A seguir, os pacientes cruzavam de grupo, ou seja, aqueles que tomaram sildenafil no primeiro mês, agora tomavam placebo, sendo submetidos ao mesmo procedimento. A média de idade dos pacientes estudados foi de 60 anos, onde 73% eram hipertensos e 65% diabéticos. Foi observada satisfação sexual com a prótese peniana em 86,9% dos pacientes, entretanto apenas 21,7% não apresentavam nenhuma queixa relativa ao implante. Apesar da pontuação do EDITS no grupo usando sildenafil se elevar em 34%, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o grupo tratado e o placebo

Incidência de escabiose emalunos duma escola pública de Belém-Pará / Incidence of scabies in students of public school in Belém-Pará

Introdução: A escabiose é a dermatozoonose mais prevalente. É transmitida por contato pessoal, não tem predileção por raça, sexo ou idade e é fortemente influenciado por fatores sócio-econômicos e culturais. Objetivo: Determinar a incidência de escabiose em alunos da rede pública. Método: Foram realizados exame clínico-dermatológico e aplicado questionário sócio-econômico a 100 alunos do ensino médio da rede pública de Belém. Resultados: Entre os alunos examinados 23 por cento apresentaram escabiose, demonstrando que esta é endêmica em nosso meio, sendo o ambiente escolar propício para sua disseminação. Houve uma nítida predominância sobre o sexo feminino, com 31,1 por cento da mulheres e, apenas, 10,2 por cento dos homens.60,8 por cento dos alunos acometidos coabitam com cinco ou mais pessoas, acentuando a transmissibilidade da doença, e 70 por cento possui renda familiar igual ou inferior a dois salários mínimos, confirmando que fatores sócio-econômicos estão fortemente ligados a escabiose. Considerações Finais: A escabiose apresentou alta incidência nos alunos examinados, alertando a classe médica e vigilância sanitária sobre a importância da prevenção controle e tratamento desta doença

Uso de retalho miocutâneo em linfadenectomia inguinal extensa / Use of miocutaneous flap in extensive groin lymphadenectomy

O manejo das metástase linfáticas é o tempo mais importante dos pacientes com câncer de pênis. O tratamento por linfadenectomia, implica em morbidade elevada e, a retirada de grande extensão de tecidos da região inguinal, constitui-se um problema neste cirurgia. O uso de retalhos miocutâneos tem sido descrito para o fechamento primário da região inguinal nesses casos, diminuindo com isso as complicações e o tempo de internamento. Apresenta-se um caso clínico de um paciente, 36 anos, portador de um caso de câncer de pênis, submetido à linfadenectomia extensa onde utilizou-se retalho miocutâneo do músculo tensor da fáscia lata para cobertura da ferida operatória. O resultado final foi satisfatório alcando os objetivos cosméticos e funcionais esperados